These results show that the ALVs can be effectively preserved using the same drying method and that this can be used to fight micro-nutrient deficiencies during droughts. Cowpea and bean are the most consumed legume leaves. Pick the leaves when you are sure to cook them within 3 days. 2. Box 30196, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland, Food & Function Recent Open Access Articles, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial Cowpeas are grown mostly for their edible beans, although the leaves, green seeds and pods can also be consumed, meaning the cowpea can be used as a food source before the dried peas are harvested. A tasting panel was trained using a quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) test that was developed and used to characterize the sensory properties of dehydrated cowpea leaves. Cowpea is called the "hungry-season crop" because it is the first crop to be harvested before the cereal crops (Gomez, 2004). NUTRITIONAL, SENSORY AND KEEPING PROPERTIES OF FERMENTED SOLAR-DRIED COWPEA LEAF VEGETABLES. The problem of malnutrition and nutrition deficiency, as well as droughts that lead to reduction in food supply and starvation, is well documented for Sub-Saharan Africa. With recognised nutritional value, cowpea can be consumed such as mature beans (i.e. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] exhibits a considerable variation in leaf shape. It is also known as black-eyed pea or southern pea etc. is available on our Permission Requests page. Material from this article can be used in other publications Cowpea seeds also vary in size, shape and colour and the number of seeds per pod also varies. Although cowpea is mostly utilized as a dry grain and animal fodder crop, cowpea leaves are also used as a high-protein pot herb in many countries of Africa. Recipes Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The nutrients considered were vitamins B2 and C, and β-carotene. to access the full features of the site or access our. provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material raffaele.mezzenga@hest.ethz.ch, b The study findings are important at pro-moting the preparation and consumption of these vegeta-bles and thereby contribution to the elimination of VAD and anemia. Cook for 10 minutes, stirring continuously. Reproduced material should be attributed as follows: Information about reproducing material from RSC articles with different licences Cowpea leaves have also been consumed as boiled, blanched, dried, or fermented vegetables (Kasangi, Shitandi, Shalo, & Mbugua, 2010; Kirakou et al., 2017; Muchoki, Imungi, & Lamuka, 2010). Dried cowpea leaves as vegetable can also be stored in water proof containers for later consumption especially in times when green vegetables are not readily available. This was attributed to different palisade parenchyma cell lengths. Sweet potato - Wikipedia Five African crops — sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, cowpea, and hyacinth bean — somehow found their way to Gujarat in India during the Late Harappan (2000–1700 BCE). Cook for 10 minutes, stirring continuously. Materials and methods 500 gramme of cowpeas (leaves) Dried Slender Leaf and Nightshade leaves could be rehydrated to the equilibrium moisture content of fresh leaves upon dry storage, while it was not possible for Jute Mallow, Cowpea and Amaranthus. Its leaves are in alternate pattern and are trifoliate, the colour of the leaves is dark green and shape varies from linear-lanceolate to ovate. Leaves or tender stem tips of the common pea (Pisum sativum L.) are eaten in both tropical and temperate regions, in Malawi Burma, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Add chopped onions, tomatoes and groundnuts. Dried cowpea leaves. Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. pepper Directions [edit | edit source] Cook dried cowpea leaves until tender. Charity Caroline Njambi Muchoki A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Science and Technology. Cowpea grain matures earlier than cereals, hence becomes a quick source of cash before the maize, millets and cassava are harvested. Methods: The thin-layer drying of cowpea leaves and jute mallow was studied at various temperatures (40–100°C) in a convective laboratory dryer, and the nutrient profiles of the dried vegetables were determined. An increased amount of starch granules as observed in the microstructure of Cowpea and Nightshade leaves is suggested to explain their fibrous texture upon cooking. Serves 2-4. Cook mixture for 10 minutes, stirring constantly. Sun-dried leaves can be stored for up to a year because dried, cooked leaves are not damaged as much by insects as dried seeds. This article is part of the themed collection: For reproduction of material from all other RSC journals. 100g of dried cowpea leaves 50g of dried jute mallow leaves 1 tbsp of cooking oil 1 medium onion 2 medium tomatoes ¼ cup of sesame flour 4 cups of water ¼ cup of African Lye (Mshelekha) Preparation Soak the leaves in a pan with 2 cups of water and let them become soft. Natural reseeding can occur, and disking in spring can stimulate the growth of buried seed (Ball et al., 2007). Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Pests. On a recent trip to East Africa, whilst enjoying the diverse traditional foods, I was stuck by the fact that food drying is not practiced there. Like other legumes, cowpeas are cooked to make them edible, usually by boiling. Dried Slender Leaf and Nightshade leaves could be rehydrated to the equilibrium moisture content of fresh leaves upon dry storage, while it was not possible for Jute Mallow, Cowpea and Amaranthus. dried seeds, fresh pods and leaves as vegetables and the green or dried leftover parts of the plant, leaves and stems (haulms), can be used as fodder for livestock [1]. 6. 4. Please enable JavaScript Grains, pods and leaves of the cowpea are processed and used as food ingredient by the food industry [43, 44, 45, 46]. It is also known as Bachapin Bean, Southern Pea Black Eyed Cowpea, Black Eyed Dolichos, Poona Pea Black-Eyed Pea, Rope Bean Black-Eyed Bean, Red Pea China Bean, Marble Pea, Common Cowpea, Macassar Bean, Cowgram, Cowpea, Kafir Bean, Cultivated African Cowpea, … Aphids; they suck sap on leaves, stems, petioles, flowers and pods. Quick (30 minutes or less), 500 gramme of tomatoes dried grain), green beans or green pods. dried black-eyed peas • small smoked ham hock (about 1/2 pound) • bay leaves • garlic, smashed and peeled 10 cups water • spicy chorizo sausage or spicy Italian … Cowpea leaves is one of the common leafy vegetables consumed in Kenya that contain high levels of pro-vitamin A compounds and has good carotene retention during processing. 1 cup(s) of groundnuts (Pounded or Peanut butter) Corresponding authors, a Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Department of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, of freeze-dried raw cowpea leaves in the three districts of Kongwa, Singida and Arumeru, Tanzania have been reported [12]. and it is not used for commercial purposes. 3.0 Unported Licence. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Dried cowpea leaf samples from the second leaf harvest of each trial were taken to the University of Götttingen, Germany,where they were milled through a 1 mm sieve to get a fine powder using a Culatti micro hammer mill (Type DFH 48). The freshly harvested leaves are sold in local markets in many parts of Ghana, The final result was a creamy dish that pairs perfectly with nshima (the Zambian staple food). When fresh, the young leaves, immature pods and peas are used as vegetables, while snacks and main meal dishes are prepared from the dried grain. Sort cowpea leaves, blanch for 5 minutes, dry and pound. The cowpea leaves have a richer nutritional composition compared with the grains (Mamiro, 2011). 1: Leaves of cowpea (Var. Its fresh or dried seeds, pods and leaves are commonly used as human food. Champagne Mangos with Raspberry Coulis and Cardamom Shortbread, https://recipes.fandom.com/wiki/DRIED_COWPEA_LEAVES?oldid=498524. After harvest, surplus leaves are dried and stored for later use, during dry season. 3.0 Unported Licence. Dried cowpea leaves, separated from the stems, were included at 5% (replacing 50% of soybean meal) with no detrimental effect on the health of growing rabbits (Magouze et al., 1998) or breeding does (Mahmoud et al., 1998). Mix together pigeon pea and millet flours. These are dried cowpea leaves, and we cooked them with groundnut flour and some chopped tomato. Set aside. sun-dried cowpea and amaranth leaves on serum BC, ret-inol, and hemoglobin levels among preschool children aged 2.5–6 years [20]. Quick (30 minutes or less) Ingredients [edit | edit source] 500 gramme of tomatoes 3 onions 500 gramme of cowpeas (leaves) 1 cup(s) of groundnuts (Pounded or Peanut butter) pepper salt. Cowpea leaves are dried to store them for the dry season. Cowpea is often called "black-eyed pea" due to its black- or brown-ringed hylum. All parts of the cowpea crop are used as all are rich in nutrients and fiber. The microbial safe moisture content of the ALVs was found to be ≤14% dry basis. This was attributed to different palisade parenchyma cell lengths. Cowpea also known as Vigna unguiculata is a legume of the family Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae. Energy efficient gentle drying conditions using superabsorbent polymers and a temperature of 40 °C were shown to preserve most leaf structures and vitamins. This may take some time to load. 5. The stems, leaves, and vines serve as animal feed and are often stored for use during the dry season. 1990). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial leaves and husks of cowpea. E-mail: found that six (6) tonnes of fresh leaf (1 tonne dried leaf) of cowpea could supply about 800 children 4-6 years old with 10 g leaf concentrate and provide them 7.75 mg of iron per week year round (source: www.leafforlife.org>VIGNAUNG, 2016). ... be used for harvesting dried cowpea. Add hot water to paste. The ground dried seeds is often mixed with onions and spices and fried in oil. Dried vegetable balls can be made from the leaves of various plants, and morogo wa dinawa (dinawa means “beans”) is made specifically with the iron-rich leaves of the cowpea plant. Fig. They can be cooked like any other leafy vegetable, and can be dried and preserved to be cooked at a later date. The younger leaves are more tender, succulent and nutritional compared to the older leaves. The two lateral leaves are asymmetrical, and the terminal leaf is symmetrical. Leaf morphology was studied in the cowpea RIL population, Sanzi (sub-globose leaf shape) x Vita 7 (hastate leaf shape). Dried Slender Leaf and Nightshade leaves could be rehydrated to the equilibrium moisture content of the fresh leaves upon dry storage, while Jute Mallow, Cowpea and Amaranthus did not. Fetching data from CrossRef. The protein content of the leaves and husks varied from 13.95 to 39.24%.The dried leaves had significantly higher (P<0.05 protein content than those of the fresh leaves and husks. People eat atapa with smoked fish cooked in peanut sauce or with dried cowpea leaves cooked in peanut sauce. If the leaves are to be preserved, rather than consumed fresh, they are blanched and kneaded into a pulp that is squeezed to form balls, which are then dried in the sun. Add 1 tablespoon of the dried cowpea leaves and cook for another 2-3 minutes. Ahenkora Cowpea is mainly used for human and livestock consumption. In Africa, humans consume the young leaves, immature pods, immature seeds, and the mature dried seeds. Add cold water and mix into a smooth paste. salt. The stems of cowpea are striate, smooth or slightly hairy. Cowpea is among the top three or four leaf vegetables in many parts of Africa, but bean is also heavily consumed. The cowpea leaves also can be consumed as food. 3. Cowpea is known as drought hardy nature, its wide and droopy leaves keeps soils and soil moisture conserved due to shading effect. on a weight for weight basis compared to raw cowpea The importance of harvesting cowpea leaves from grain seed, 20 % more thiamine, twice the amount of riboflavin, and plants (dual-purpose) in African subsistence farmer equal amounts of niacin (Bubenheim et al. Dried cowpea leaves. Now that the rains have started this December, we'll have fresh leaves, and fresh cowpeas, again soon. Join the Jiranileo community! 3 onions Among West African communities, these vegetables are consumed as accompaniment with cereals or as vegetable sauces with other foods such meat and fish (Madodé et al., 2011 ). leaves are three -parted, egg shaped, and hairless. IAR-48) growing in the greenhouse Nielsen et al. Origin of Cowpea Black eyed pea, originated in Africa, where a large genetic diversity of the species occurs, throughout the continent. However, growth performance was unsatisfactory because a lysine deficiency was not corrected (Magouze et al., 1998). Box 30196, Nairobi, Kenya, c In Africa it’s widely cultivated for it’s leaves which are widely used as a vegetable in several countries. Add salt and pepper and serve. and has multiple uses like food, feed, forage, fodder, green manuring and vegetable. Major pests & diseases. The higher protein (39.24%) content of the dried tender leaves was due to concentration effect. * You should pick the young leaves, but not the ones next to the tip of the stem. Marketing: For the Cowpea seed market, seed quality is vital, so care in harvest and post-harvest handling may be important to avoid cracked or split seed. Leaves also possess considerable amounts of other beneficial dietary components e.g. Young cowpea leaves are eaten as a pot herb and enjoyed in many parts of Africa. Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland Reducing post-harvest losses of five species of African leafy vegetables (ALVs) by preservation through drying is studied herein. Cook dried cowpea leaves until tender. Add chopped onions, tomatoes and groundnuts. In Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces cowpea leaves are harvested fresh as a vegetable for soup preparation or dried for later use. Despite their contribution to household food security and poverty eradication, traditional vegetables have been neglected in many research and development programs of both international and national research institutions [1217 L. van 't Hag, J. Danthe, S. Handschin, G. P. Mutuli, D. Mbuge and R. Mezzenga, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi, P.O. Of cowpea Black eyed pea, originated in Africa, where a large diversity. And hemoglobin levels among preschool children aged 2.5–6 years [ 20 ] and droopy keeps! Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence younger leaves are harvested smooth or slightly hairy consumption of these vegeta-bles dried cowpea leaves. A pot herb and enjoyed in many parts of the ALVs was found to be cooked any... Rich in nutrients and fiber and fiber was unsatisfactory because a lysine was... 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